Timeline of Drug Law v. Science

~4.2 Galast universal oxygen ancestor
~1.8 Gaorigins of apoptosis contemporaneous with mitochondrial domestication
~600+ MYAfirst Bilaterian origins of FoxP
~540 MYAfirst sentience, early Cambrian
~518 MYAolfactores, first nostrils
~500 MYAdivergent FoxP 1-4 in vertebrates only
485–445 MYAemergence of jawed vertebrates
~450 MYA+rhodopsin GPR119 in fugu
>=407 MYAacoustic modern comms in choanates
400000–300000 BPmodern FoxP2 gene predates
Neanderthal-human common ancestor
315 MYAdivergence of phylogenetic ancestors
~115 MYAGondwanagaricites magnificus fossil mushroom
~67 MYArise of Psilocybe
~66 MYAnon-avian dinosaurs' demise
~65800 BPSulawesi rock art with hand stencil
~64000 BPNeanderthal nonfigurative art
56-48 MYAGermany: oldest cannabis fossil
44000 BPLebombo bone tally marks
43000-34000 BPgeometric symbols of the Upper Paleolithic Aurignacian technocomplex
40–9 MYAbiosynthesis of psilocybin
34–63.8 MYAcannabis genus first evolved
27–25 MYAdivergence of hop and cannabis
23,000-12,000 BCEUkraine, Moravia and Poland: dwellings built from mammoth bones
~12800 BPYounger Dryas cold period
~10000 BPdivergent breeding for hemp vs. psychoactive use
~4.2 MYAexpansion of the neocortex
~2.6 MYAKenya: earliest stone tools
~2.6 MYAPaleolithic high meat diet
1–0.8 MYAcontrolled use of fire
~0.4 MYAfire tools in Suffolk
~300 kya BPIrhoud 3 modern hominid life pattern
~11000 BCEearly agrarian diet
~10000 BCEChina: early Neolithic hemp cultivation
~7000-5000 BCEAlgeria: Tassili ethmycological Neolithic petroglyphs
~7000 BCEearliest known fermented drink Jiahu
~6000 BCEfood use of cannabis seeds
~5767 BCEspike in cannabis pollen at Durchenbergried
~5700+ BCERio Grande, Texas: mescaline use
5260 BCEDispilio tablet with markings
3500–3000 BCEearliest unambiguous numerical notation is sexagesimal
3400 BCEMesopotamia: logosyllabic text
3200 BCEfirst wheeled carts
2727 BCEfirst recorded medicinal use of cannabis
~2700 BCEShen Nung lists cannabis in pharmacopoeia
Sumeria: Instructions of Šuruppak
offer various warnings concerning beer2600–2500 BCE
alcohol tax of Emperor Yu2205–2198 BCE
~2130 BCEhallucinogen use Inca Cueva
Code of Ur-Nammu does not mention drugs~2100–2050 BCE
>2000 BCEdrugs essential to worship Shamash (Utu) and Marduk
No drug fines in Code of Lipit-Ishtar~1934–24 BCE
~1850 BCEfirst alphabetic script emerges
1800-1600 BCESumeria: positional numerical system
...or the Code of Hammurabi~1758 BCE
~1700 BCEPapyrus Ebers describes cannabis eyewash
Greece: death for broadcasting secrets~1600 BCE
~1300 BCEChester Beatty VI Medical Papyrus describes
cannabis as anti-inflammatory ointment
Ramesses II and King Hattusili III
sign Treaty of Kadesh1269 BCE
~1200–800 BCEBerlin Papyrus describes cannabis
~1200–300 BCEIndia: cannabis one of the five sacred
plants used medicinally and ritually
~900–100 BCEcannabis use an everyday activity by the Scythians
Hezekiah incensed about false gods~700~700 BCE
~700 BCEKing Assur-banipal tablets describe
medicinal cannabis
religious cleanup by Josiah reignca. 649–609 BCE
resurgence of polytheismafter 609 BCE
Jeremiah not hearkened to~600 BCE
Solon's less draconian laws~574 BCE
~500 BCEJirzankal, Central Asia: brazier residues
show nine of ten funerals preferred cannabis
~500–450 BCEprimitive theory of homeostasis, brain is
the seat of understanding
~500–100 BCEHemp spreads throughout northern Europe
~484–430 BCEHerodotus describes Scythian cannabis
before 375 BCEPlato drinks kykeon
~350 BCEAristotle formalises valid vs. invalid syllogisms
330-30 BCEEgypt: psychotropics in Bes vases
from Ptolemaic period
~300–200 BCEScythian cannabis seeds at Pazyryk
~300 BCEfirst description of the pancreas
by Herophilus of Chalcedon
Greek Septuagint finished132 BCE
~100 BCEfirst illustrated herbal
Cicero begins De Legibus52 BCE
alcohol and violence in Athenian law court5th/4th BCE
Hippocratic Corpus medical ethics compiledmostly late 5th to mid 4th century BCE
0 — in one popular dating system
1 ADPen Ts'ao Ching
50-70 ADdoctrine of signatures
~70 ADPedanius Dioscorides describes dual use
of "Kannabis Emeros" in De Materia Medica
79 ADPliny the Elder describes medicinal and
veterinary cannabis uses
200 ADVienna Papyrus: cannabis antitumorigenic,
for earache, fever
200 ADtherapeutic properties of cannabis described in Chinese pharmacopoeia
221 ADcreation dated to 5499 BC
before 343 AD"yellow soup" of Ge Hong
skepticism falls out of fashion386–569 AD
Theodosius I ends Eleusinian Mysteries392 AD
~850 ADMAO inhibitors enhance psychedelics at Quilcapampa
1011–1021Ibn al-Haytham theory of vision
1345first London apothecary
Arabia: earliest attested ban on cannabis1378
England: Grocers' Company's right to garble1456
periodic wars on xanthines1511-1784
1542cannabis described in Europe by Fusch
in Nomenclaturae plantarum omnium
1551brown adipose tissue observed
British East India Company from 1600–1874from 1600-1874
1604plague: conflation of medical and spiritual remedies
Murad IV: death penalty for smoking tobacco1620
New Spain: Inquisition bans peyote to
prevent heresy, idolatry, and superstition1620
England: Statute of Monopolies1624
1656first intravenous injection and anaesthesia (dog)
1658vascular hypothesis of stroke
1670sAnton van Leeuwenhoek discovers
microbes are everywhere
1674–5Malebranche's infinite embryos
Massachusetts: spectral evidence abandoned1693
England: first medicine patent1698
1713–44Law of Large Numbers proved
1735Linnaeus invents scientific racism
1741-44Swedenborg identifies CSF
1748Hume on induction
1755German colonists (incl. Baron Kotman)
settle Odžaci, begin hemp cultivation
~1758cholesterol first isolated from gallstones
1759epigenesis unfriends preformationism
1769Paul's 1738 and Arkwright's 1769/1775 patents
Madagascar: death penalty for cannabis1787
United States: first patent 31 July1790
Denmark: chattel slavery abolished 16 March1792
1800synovium anatomically defined
1800 and 1804glioma first clinically observed
1804–8atomic theory unfriends preformationism
UK: slave trade abolished 23 February1807
1807-1948bits from Jacquard to Shannon
Saratoga, New York: first temperance society1808
~1815diabetics excrete glucose in urine
1827human ovum observed
1830-1850Quetelet Index, precursor to BMI
1836pepsin recognized as enzyme
first Opium War1839–42
~1839first clinical trials of cannabis
~1842apoptosis first observed
1844Virchow shows green pigment (later MPO)
in white blood cells
Farmacopea Mexicana
includes cannabis from its 1st ed.1846
Bastiat's theory of plunder1850
Cannabis medicines enter US Pharmacopeia 3rd ed.1851
1855Bibra publishes Die narkotischen
Genußmittel und der Mensch
second Opium War1856–60
1857mitochondria first discovered
1858Omnis cellula e cellula
1858Grubelnsucht term coined
1859term "autophagie" first used
1865concept of milieu interieur
1865first comprehensive histopathology of gliomas
Burlingame US-China Treaty1868
1868"nuclein" (later MPO) isolated
1869discovery of pancreatic β-cells
1869"unimportant" DNA discovered
Natal: Coolie Law Consolidation
outlawed use or possession
of the hemp plant specifically by Indian laborers1870
1871Mantegazza publishes Quadri della natura umana: Feste ed ebbrezze
1873laws of electrodynamics
1874heroin first synthesized
1875vitelline membrane in sea urchins
1877Zwangsvorstellung term coined
1879platelet alpha granules
Calif.: first attempt at anti-cannabis legislation1880
1880sphagocytosis first described
backlash by food adulterating industries1880s
90% of American honey is fake1881
bans on salicylic acid in French wine, German beer1881
USA: opium use restricted to "dens"1882
1882Ringelmann effect first observed
1884Freud makes cocaine fashionable
1884discovery of macrophages
1884cellular "respiratory pigment" identified
1886pancreatomized dogs develop diabetes
British Pharmacopoeia includes cannabis medicines1888
1889cannabis a substitute for opiates
1890Reynolds lauds cannabis
1890-4Cajal's cerebral gymnastics hypothesis
1890description of "bioblasts"
Atlanta Constitution warns coca-cola
breeds "the cocaine habit"1891
1894word "psychoactivity" first recorded, in Mind
Report of Indian Hemp Drugs Commission1894
1895Pearson correlation coefficient
1896discovery of cannabinol (CBN)
1896...and 1942first cannabis terpenes isolated
1897-1940glycolysis pathway progressively elucidated
1898mescaline identified and named
1898term "mitochondrion" coined
1898-1935viruses are not "alive"
1899Bifidobacterium bacteria first isolated
1899Cajal's Neuron Doctrine
1899Caenorhabditis elegans first described
(as Rhabditis elegans)
1900Pearson's chi square test and p
1900early studies of ethanol embryopathology
1900-11etiology of beri-beri
1901-6Wassermann test for syphilis
1902birth of psychoanalysis
1902Wiley's USDA Poison Squad
1902secretin excites the pancreas
1902–2009the modern synthesis
1903cocaine removed from Coca Cola
1904-38Gosset on statistical significance
1904Spearman rank correlation
1904minimum lethal dose of arsenic guessed at 130mg
1904-1932radioactive quackery: radium
patent medicines and cosmetics
Cape Colony Law regulates dagga
merely as a pharmaceutical1905
1905Earth is over 1 billion years old
1905Binet-Simon intelligence scale published
US Pure Food and Drug Act1906
1906Alzheimer's Disease 1901–06
radium classified as a natural element, outside the Pure Food and Drug Act, until
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act1906-1938
FDA formally established30 Jun 1906
1906first double-blind study
The Jungle by Upton Sinclair1906
1907Ertl family opens Odžaci rope and cordage factory,
grows to 880 workers by 1929
1907pharmacopoeia recommends cannabis for
hysteria, headaches, summer diarrhea, anorexia, rheumatism, gout, mental depression, delirium tremens, uterine hemorrhage, and insanity
1907angiogenesis observed in tumours
1908protostome/deuterostome distinction established
SFPD: one ER treatment for Indian hemp in 6y1909
1909genes, genotypes and phenotypes
thirteen go to Shanghai1909
1909linoleic acid characterised
Cola syrup tried for caffeine, no cocaine1909-16
1909identification of arachidonic acid
1910
New England Watch & Ward seeks new vices1910
1910Flexner report reforms medicine
1910arsphenamine, the first "magic bullet"
1910discovery of thiamine (vitamin B1)
goes largely unnoticed
1910dopamine identified as an intermediary
1910discovery of beta-caryophyllene (clove oil)
Massachusetts first state to ban cannabis1911
1911idea of vitamins proposed by Funk
1911Bleuler publishes description of schizophrenia
First International Opium Convention1912
1912Goddard adds "moron" to classification system
McCreesh and Robinson: the great divide1912
19121st International Eugenics Conference
1912scientific opposition to the concept of isotopy
1912x-ray crystallography technique developed
1912Radium Ore Revigator radon water crock patented
1912-26heat production of nerve
CA: Hindoos, loco weed restricted to corns,
legal conflation, misworded Harrison Act,
prohibition goes unreported, unnoticed10 Aug 1913
1913first genetic map
CA: 1.85m cannabis arrests1913-99
1913vitamin A needed for growth/to prevent xeropthalmia
1913all dagga-smoking women are prostitutes
1913-25influence of light on rickets
USA heroin/cocaine tax: Harrison Narcotics Act1914
1914Notch observed in drosophila
Goddard introduces The Criminal Imbecile1915
AMA resolves alcohol has no medical uses1916
1916hemp pulp paper process
1916–1922dietary effect in cholesterol
1917Schlichten's decorticating machine patented
1918Fisher analysis of variance method (ANOVA)
US v. Doremus and Webb et al.3 Mar 1919
1919synthesis of mescaline
USA does not join the League of Nations1919
1919characterisation of oligodendrocytes
1919-22sunlight/UV cures rickets
1919proton first observed experimentally
1920
peak British Empire1920
1920neutron's existence first predicted
UK: Dangerous Drugs Act criminalises addiction1920
1920vitamin nomenclature: A, B, and C
US federal alcohol prohibition1920–1933
late 1920scollapse of vitalism
Campbell-Willis "beer emergency" hits medical beer1921
1921discovery of insulin
South Africa: Customs and
Excise Duties Amendment Act1922
1922first human insulin injection
1922USPHS warns against using tetraethyl lead
192273 chemical elements known
1922the "discovery" of isotopes
1922vitamin D cures rickets
1922vitamins B2, E
1922Bondelswarts see first aeroplane
S Africa enacts Medical, Dental, and Pharmacy Act1 Feb 1923
1923Karl Wessel's continuous decorticating/carding process patent granted
Smuts writes to the League of Nations28 Nov 1923 and
24 Apr 1924
1923glucagon hormone first discovered
Second International Opium Convention1924–5
1924vitalism unfriends preformationism
Rum War at sea1924–1936
1924Sajou's Analytic Cyclopedia of Practical Medicine
lists cannabis for 57 medical indications
1924first planned obsolescence: peak light bulb life
"the greatest protagonist of the white race"1925
1925R A Fisher calculates p in a wide variety of situations
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats
and Slovenes signs IOC Treaty19 Feb 1925
1925ultracentrifuge device invented
1925lipids form bi-molecular layers
1925"cytochromes" named and characterized
1925-86vitamin D mediates Ca/P uptake
Germany a League of Nations member1926–1933
1926homeostasis term coined by Cannon
1926glioblastoma multiforme term coined
1926second amalgam war
1926thiamine isolated and crystallized
1926neural crest dismantles germ layer theory
1926first inkling of hormone-sensitive lipase
1926endosymbiosis in evolutionary biology proposed
1927Trevan devises LD50 test
1927Earth is 1.6 to 3 billion years old
1927Pavlov shows memory extinction
1928Ak strain transforming
1928penicillin discovered by Fleming
1928cholecystokinin hormone first identified
1928first use of "redox"
1928Entscheidungsproblem formally posed
1928horizontal gene transfer in bacteria
King Alexander I proclaims the 6 January Dictatorship,
suspending the constitution and dissolving parliament6 Jan 1929
first anti-drug law passed in the
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes27 Jan 1929
1929high density lipoprotein
Department of Racial, Public and Social Hygiene
set up at Ministry of People's HealthJan-Apr 1929
KSCS: IOC ratified by royal decree4 Sept 1929
1929linoleic acid characterised
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes1 Dec 1918 –
3 Oct 1929
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes rebranded Kingdom of Yugoslavia3 Oct 1929
National Women's Alliance of the Kingdom of Serbs,
Croats and Slovenes renamed Yugoslav Women's Alliance1929
Yugoslav women stop demanding the vote
and return to the kitchen1929-45
1929discovery of ATP
1929vitamin K first identified
1929discovery of electroencephalography
1929incretin term coined
1929/1930essential fatty acids identified
1929-31Godel's incompleteness theorems proved
1930
KoY: first anti-drug law enters into force1 Jan 1930
1930electrophoresis technique first developed
USA: Louis Armstrong arrested for possession1930
1930discovery of c-reactive protein
Yugoslavia: 1mg cannabis consumed per capita1930
USA circus promoter and weed foe
Courtney Ryley Cooper rebrands the FBIfrom 1930
1930France: first recorded use of mescaline
in a psychiatric context
1930linoleic acid stimulated growth and prevented essential fatty acid deficiency despite a fat free diet
1930alpha-linolenic acid established as
a second essential fatty acid
1930position effect variegation
1930benzopyrene isolated from coal tar
1931insulin resistance concept described
1931macropinocytosis process first described
1931NaF does not inhibit O2 uptake
in the presence of insulin lactate
1931vitamins B7, B9, C
1931type 535-A electron oscillograph
1931-32Eben Byers dies of radium poisoning,
radium-cure industry collapses
1931-33discovery, fusion using, and manufacture
of purified deuterium oxide
British Pharmacopoeia removes cannabis medicines1932
1932homeostasis theory elaborated
Yugoslav-Turkish opium export cooperation agreement formalized by National Assembly, operational January 1934Nov 1932
1932Wilks creates multivariate analysis
of variance (MANOVA)
1932first recorded nerve impulses from
single optic nerve fibers
1932vitamin D2 identified
1932neutron detected experimentally
USA: Hearst media smear campaign
against Mexican migrants1933
1933Neyman-Pearson lemma of
uniformly most powerful test
1933Ertl rope works in Odžaci diversify into
carpets, wool and silk fabric
Virginia: state's first law on loco weedMar 1934
1934first evidence of protein structure:
X-ray crystallography photo of pepsin
1934vitamin B6 first identified
Cannabis reviewed by League of Nations1935
1935R A Fisher's tea tasting lady
Ognjanović brothers licensed to
produce opium and cannabis derivativesAug 1935
J Edgar Hoover "assists" Hollywoodfrom 1935
1935x-ray photo of single insulin crystal
28 February 1935nylon first synthesized
1935prostaglandins first discovered
1935caloric restriction promotes longevity in rats
1935-37algorithm defined/Turing machine/Turing's proof
1935-19787-dehydrocholesterol+UV makes vitamin D
1935-40tracing of deuterated fats and
cholesterol reveal dynamic metabolic flux
1936insulin resistance confirmed
1936structure of thiamine
1936etymology of cannabis
Ireland: cannabis illegal 1 April1 Apr 1937
1937mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle
US Marijuana Tax Act2 Aug 1937
Moses Baca arrested 3 Oct, sentenced to
18 months for cannabis possession8 Oct 1937
1937x-ray photo of a single insulin crystal
1937blood storage record 10 days, first blood bank 1937
1937-3832P radiotracing in phospholipids
1937vitamins B3, B5, D3
1937Neyman confidence intervals
1937Hoechst (IG Farben) synthesizes methadone
1938linoleic acid essential for arachidonic acid synthesis
1938arachidonic acid confirmed essential in
the same way as linoleic acid
1938neutron therapy first used
1938"telomeres" coined by Hermann Müller
1938leukotrienes first discovered
1938first mass-produced commercially
available electron microscope
1938haemocuprin (later SOD) discovered
1938LSD first synthesised by Hofmann
1938first Drunkometer device introduced
1939voltage in squid axons overshoots
1939discovery of saltatory conduction
1939transplanted tumours grow blood vessels
1939Bayes factor formula
1939Vojvodina: over 200 hemp mills, centre of
Yugoslavia's hemp fibre industry
1939-40Bayesian revival of Jeffreys/Savage/Lindley/de
Finetti's subjectivistic theory of probability
1939-41ATP is the universal carrier of chemical energy in cells
1940
health-centred drug liberalization in Mexico
halted by US pharmaceutical blackmail1940
murky demise of Courtney Ryley Cooper1940
1940tetrahydrocannabinol synthesised
(but not delta-9)
1940discovery of CBD
1940caloric restriction reduces tumours in mice
1940-62"golden era" of antibiotics
Kingdom of Yugoslavia3 Oct 1929 –
17 Apr 1941
1941nomenclature of "striatum"
1941"Verdoperoxidase" (later MPO)
catalyzes oxidative reactions
1941/6α/β-lipoprotein fractions identified in human serum
cannabis removed from US Pharmacopeia 12th ed.1942
1942"epigenetics" coined by Waddington
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia joins
UN as an original member24 Oct 1945
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia29 Nov 1943 –
29 Nov 1945
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia: monarchy abolished29 Nov 1945
1946 Lake Success Protocol transfers League
of Nations drug-control functions to the UN11 Dec 1946
1943discovery of heparin-activated
clearing factor (later LPL)
20 April 1943first intentional LSD trip
1943DNA carries genetic information
1944-47human radiation experiments
1945almost nothing known about the biosynthesis of
any of the major types of cell constituents
1945structure of cholesterol
1945first artificially fluoridated people
1946mitochondria first isolated intact
1945Wilcoxon rank-sum and signed-rank tests
1947Delysid for various psychiatric uses
1947tolerance to LSD
1947Mann–Whitney U test
1947McNemar test for matched pairs
1948first identified cell modulator 5-methyltryptamine
1948lateral inhibition in Limulus
1948first epigenetic modulator 5-methylcytosine
1948Lupus Erythemarosus, the first
autoimmune cell identified
1948transposons first discovered by McClintock
1948homeostasis generalised into feedback-control
theory (Wiener, "Cybernetics")
1948-51enzymes of the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation,
and oxidative phosphorylation are mitochondria
1949ultracentrifuging reveals low-density lipoproteins
1949lateral inhibition in Limulus
1949Yugoslav hemp peaks at 108,215 ha sown,
21,855 tonnes exported
1949Tukey honest significant difference (HSD)
1913-late 1940stwilight of the lipid hypothesis
late 1940sOsmond takes mescaline himself, St George's Hospital
1950
CIA experiments on prisoners and unsuspecting
citizens seek military uses of LSD without much
success, but accidentally ignite counterculture1950–67
1950Blueler's 1911 monograph appears in English
1950CIA says Yugoslavia third in world hemp production, and planned expansion
1950C G Jung postulates psychic epidemics
1950sAnglosphere compromises on OCD
USA: marijuana "becomes" a narcotic Boggs Act2 Nov 1951
1951HeLa cell line, no consent
USA-Yugoslavia Military Assistance
Agreement signed at Belgrade14 Nov 1951
1951synthesis of oxytocin
1951first low-fat/cholesterol cookbook
1951isoniazid made from leftover V2 rocket fuel
1951complete amino acid sequence of bovine insulin B
1951-60nerve growth factor
1952dopamine compound first named
1952A-0 compiler system created
1952complete amino acid sequence of bovine insulin A
1952-3thin-section high resolution electron
micrographs show mitochondrial ultrastructure
1952DNA heredity skeptics defeated
1953evolutionary significance of interspecies
comparisons of protein sequences, "molecularization"
1952Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric ANOVA
1953AA is derived from EFAs
1953structure of DNA
1953Miller-Urey experiment first conducted
1953structure of oxytocin
1953G1, S, G2 and M cell cycle phases named
1954myelin spirals from Schwann cell
1954first practical breathalyser
1955FDA approves Ritalin
1955"rum fits": unethical delirium tremens experiments
1955first human insulin radioassay
1955heparin-activated clearing factor renamed to lipoprotein lipase
USA: Boggs Act penalties increased under the Narcotics Control Act1956
1956term "antipsychotic" first coined
1956Earth/meteorites 4.55 billion years old
1956lateral inhibition mechanism described
1956-60beef heart mitochondria: respiratory chain,
oxidative phosphorylation, ubiquinone,
nonheme iron, metalloflavoproteins as
redox carriers, electron-transport complexes
19573-hour oral glucose tolerance test
1957dopamine a neurotransmitter
1957first of many interferons
1957Waddington's epigenetic landscape
1957structure of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) clarified
USA-Yugoslavia mutual recognition of ship measurement certificates16 Jun 1958
1958Hartline-Ratliff equations first formulated
1958isolation and synthesis of psilocybin
1958Spinco Model 120 automatic-linked
amino acid analyser
1958Kaplan-Meier survival estimator
1959tereacycline resistant Shigella
1959first use of psilocybin in OCD
1959CBDA is an antibiotic
1959Goddard's Kallikak pedigrees in medical textbooks
1959handbook for therapeutic use of LSD-25 published
1960
California: 5155 cannabis arrestsin 1960
1950-mid 1960sover 1000 clinical reports on psychedelics
1837 prohibition on sales of alcohol
to indigenous Australians is repealedlate 1960s
1960glucagon stimulates insulin secretion in humans
1960mitochondrial ATPase a coupling factor
1960Levene test for equality of variances
1960PGE2 and PGF2α isolated
from sheep prostate glands
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs30 Mar 1961
1961Anfinsen's dogma first proposed
1961cellular senescence first described
early research on psychedelics and recidivism1961-3
1961electron microscopy of myoblasts
1961chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis proposed
1961beta-caryophyllene identified in cannabis
1961-64brown fat is thermogenic
USA: Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments to Federal
Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act following Thalidomide;
most applications to research psychedelics denied1962
19623T3-L1 cells first established
1962Cohen on Type II errors: everyone is underpowered
1962nictitating membrane response as
a neuroscience model
1962epidermal growth factor
1962oligodendrocytes secrete myelin growth factor
1962Gurdon: cellular differentiation is reversible
1962-65Altman proposes adult neurogenesis
1962-83adult neurogenesis unfashionable
Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia29 Nov 1945 –
7 Apr 1963
CA: 21931 cannabis arrests1963–5
1963microtubules, known since late 1950s, named
1963HSL better understood
1963crystalline inclusions seen in alcoholic mitochondria
1963transcription-translation coupling first observed
1963electron microscopy of neurofibrillary tangles
1963mitochondrial DNA discovered
1963Operational Taxonomic Unit
1963hematopoietic stem cells
1963structure of cannabinoid cells
1963-66poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase
(PARP) discovered
1963"autophagy" given its modern
scientific meaning
1963-72search for 1α,25-(OH)2D3
Helsinki Declaration ethics adopted1964
1964arachidonic acid is a prostaglandin precursor
SCND enters into force13 Dec 1964
1964ATP synthase seen via microscopy
1964RAS oncogene first identified
1964Vane superfusion cascade
1964rapamycin first isolated
1964analgesia and non-western attitudes to
death in terminal patients given LSD
1964Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol first isolated by Mechoulam
1964structure and synthesis of cannabigerol (CBG)
Drug Abuse and Control Amendments ban
unlicensed manufacture or sale of LSD1965
1965term "probiotics" first coined
1965complementarity THC and CBD synthesised
1965coronavirus first isolated
1965first commercial scanning electron microscope
1965IFN-γ interferon first described
1965Shapiro-Wilk normality test
Sandoz shuts down last legal source
of LSD but possession is still legal1966
1966LSD users find purpose in life
1966cannabichromene (CBC) isolated
1966deuterated chloroform the standard solvent in
1H NMR, the D2O shake routine, by mid-1960s
1966discovery of mitochondrial anion translocators
1966HOCl is the mechanism by which myeloperoxidase
(MPO) destroys bacteria and fungi in white blood cells
1966Mantel log-rank test
zero deaths, overdoses or arrests at Monterey Pop1967
1967mitochondria were bacteria once 25-30 MYA
government-propelled acid scare stories~1967
1967estrogen receptor identified
release of Yoder "report" by AP13 Jan 1968
1968protein kinase A discovered
United States: LSD Schedule 124 Oct 1968
1968midbrain raphe is sensitive to LSD
1969G-proteins/signal transduction concept proposed
1969SOD an enzyme
1969"Relationship between fatty acid composition and
the function of the brown fat has not been defined"
1969liver converts D3 to enzyme-D3
1969GFAP discovery reported by Lawrence Eng
1970
USA: cannabis made CSA schedule I27 Oct 1970
1970Bouma's Law first formulated
USA: mandatory minimum sentences mostly repealed1970
before 1970acyl-CoA synthase not much understood
USA: NORML founded1970
Nixon declares "War on Cancer"1971
1971aspirin and NSAIDs shown to work
by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-mediated
prostaglandin synthesis
1971discovery of tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV)
Protocol to the 1961 SCND21 Feb 1971
1971GIP is the gastric inhibitory polypeptide
UK: Misuse of Drugs Act27 May 1971
1971glial fibrillary acidic protein discovered
1971insulin receptor defined
1971myofibroblasts cell type first identified
1971modern field of angiogenesis
1971tumour growth is angiogenesis dependent
Slovenia stops alcohol sales between 4-7 a.m.24 Nov 1972
1972apoptosis christened, triggered by cancer therapies
19723D structure of insulin
1972amino acid sequences of pepsin and pepsinogens
1972binding of mu opioid receptor
1972Cox proportional hazards model
MK-ULTRA records 1953–67 destroyed31 Jan 1973
1973CD36 is a platelet integral
membrane glycoprotein (glycoprotein IV)
1973INMT enzyme first identified
1973LDL receptor first discovered
1973SH-SY5Y cell line cloned
1973dendritic cells identified
1973FAS diagnosis invented
1973-74MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line established
1973-79evidence for electron transport-linked proton pumps
CA: 103,097 cannabis arrestsin 1974
1974PGG2 and PGH2 identified,
cyclooxygenase named (as a process)
Alaska: cannabis legal on privacy grounds1975–90
1975first PET scanner
1975tumor necrosis factor alpha discovered
1975-76antimicrobial MICs for THC/CBD
US: following the accidental first discovery of THC's antineoplastic properties, Gerald Ford
defunds all public cannabis research1976
1976cyclooxygenase enzyme purified
19767th century "Tantric Cannabis Use" published
1976Lempel-Ziv complexity presented
1976prostacyclin hormone first discovered
USA: Psychotropic Substances Act amends CSA, establishes framework to influence drug
scheduling at the international level10 Nov 1978
1978MRI technology first developed
Yugoslavia: ZPPM enters into force21 Oct 1978
1978UCP1 protein first discovered
1978GIP stimulates secretion of glucagon
1978Vimentin named
1979nictitating membrane response one
third faster in tripping rabbits
1979p53 tumor suppressor discovered
1979structure of, renaming SRS-A to leukotrienes
1979discovery of first sirtuin gene
1979social loafing term coined
1979prostaglandin cytoprotection against alcohol induced necrosis is independent of acid secretion inhibition
1979Efron bootstrap resampling
1980
1980monocytes cross the vessel wall
in cholesterol-fed animals
1980PSA a cancer marker
1980actual G-protein purified
early 1980snonylacridine orange to measure mitochondrial mass
prosecutions surge as Nancy Reagan's astrologer
Joan Quigley eggs on "just say no" campaign1981-89
1981elevated peritoneal thromboxane
B2 and 6-keto-PGF1α found in endometriosis
1981pluripotent stem cells
1981shotgun sequencing method developed
1981ubiquitination pathway first discovered
1981TGF-β growth factor identified
1981human mitochondrial genome fully sequenced
1982brain derived neurotrophic factor
1982CD nomenclature system established
1982interleukin-4 cytokine first identified
1982neuropeptide Y first discovered
1983-86granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
1984adipocyte-specific fatty acid-binding protein
1984lipoxins LXA4 and LXB4 identified
1984IL1-alpha and -beta distinguished
1984telomerase enzyme first discovered
India bans cannabis flowers but not leaves1985
1985B-cell lymphoma 2 identified
1985IL-4 gene first cloned
1985CXCL10 identified, originally called IP-10
1985MPO gene cloned
1985-6sequencing of Notch
DEA authorizes reschedule of synthetic THC
from Schedule I to II DEA 51 FR 17476-7813 May 1986
1986discovery of GLP-1
1986isolation of interleukin-1
1986molecular cloning of interleukin-6
1986pyroptosis phenomenon first observed
1986telomerase activity further characterized
1986first sequence of a G-protein-coupled receptor
1987GLP-1 is a physiological incretin in humans
1987interleukin-8 discovered
Convention Against Illicit Traffic1988
1988CB1 receptor first characterized
1988earliest mention of FLSs on PubMed
1988"allostasis" coined as a refinement of homeostasis
Hungary: deactivation of S-1001 May 1989
1988Cohen's d benchmarks established
1989microtubule hypothesis of AD
1989mitochondrial transcription factors 1 and 2
1990
1990CB1 receptor and receptor gene CNR1 cloned
1990first fMRI scan performed
1990nestin gene described
1990ID1 protein identified
Convention on Psychotropic Substances29 Apr 1991
1991COX-2, the inducible
cyclooxygenase isoform, identified
1991amyloid hypothesis proposed
Slovenia declares independence25 June 1991
1991isolation of neural progenitor and
stem cells from adult mouse striatum
1991perilipin on adipocyte lipid droplets
1991TOR1 and TOR2 identified in yeast
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia7 Apr 1963 –
27 Apr 1992
1992INS-1 rat insulinoma cell line
1992anandamide first described and named
1992FAAH hydrolyzes anandamide
1992THC inhibits TNF-α in human and
mouse macrophages
1992age-related loss of CB1 binding
sites and mRNA in rat striatum
1993adipocyte tissue is an endocrine organ
1993the "endocannabinoidome" coined
1993CB2 receptor identified
1993discovery of NACP, aka alpha-synuclein
1993micro-RNA is essential to evolution
Slovenia ratifies ECHR8 June 1994
1994intravenous DMT trials
1994isolation of genes encoding GCPR1, 2, and 3
1994peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
1994leptin hormone first discovered
1994mTOR is the target of rapamycin in mammals
1994MPO byproducts are concentrated in
atherosclerotic lesions
19952-AG endocannabinoid first discovered
1995discovery of T-regulatory cells
1995leptin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet
1995HCC1806 squamous cell line
Alabama AG endorses death
penalty for marijuana "trafficking"1996
1996Chemokine receptor pathway CXCR3 discovered
1996Smad signal pathway identified
1996MitoTracker green to measure mitochondrial mass
1996thioredoxin-interacting protein first identified
1996putative human hyaluronan synthase
1996AEA is phospholipid pathway-dependent
1996cloning of FAAH
late 1990sECS established as a dual-ligand system
by 2-AG receptor binding studies
Poland: cannabis possession becomes a crime1997
1997cloning of hTERT
1997cloning of TRPV1
1997GPR18 receptor first identified
1997audioradiography of CBR distribution in brains
1997unicellular eukaryotic apoptosis
1997Survivin discovered
1997Glypican-5 (GPC5) characterized
1997alpha-synuclein identified as main
component of Lewy bodies
1998C. elegans the first complete multicellular genome
1998"entourage effect" coined
1998endocannabinoid system first framed
as a homeostatic regulator
1998DKK-1 protein first identified
1998RNA interference, telomerase extends
the lifespan of cells
1998human adult neurogenesis confirmed
19983D structure of tubulin
1998anandamide inhibits human
breast cancer cell proliferation
1998cloning of PPARγ coactivator 1 alpha
1998RNA interference mechanism discovered
1998CB1 binding, mRNA and GTPγS binding decline in aged rat basal ganglia
1998CB1 binding and mRNA reduced across
aged rat brain regions
1998first mitochondrial proteomics study published
US Government patents cannabinoids
as antioxidants and neuroprotectants19 Apr 1999
1999TRPV1 activated by endocannabinoids
DEA reschedules synthetic THC from II to III1999
1999CB1R is a 2-AG receptor
Slovenia: ZPPPD adopted14 Dec 1999
1999THC and linalool synergistically reduce
PTZ seizure severity
1999first FAAH knockout mice: no tolerance to analgesia
1999t-loops structure first visualized
1999B7-H1 (later PD-L1) cloned
late 1990send of late 60s to late 90s de facto
ban on psychedelic research
2000
ZPPPD enters into force11 Jan 2000
2000role of PPARs in autoimmunity
2000PD-L1 identified as the PD-1 ligand
2001draft sequence of human genome
2001CB1R inhibits post-synaptic glutamate
2001resistin connects obesity and T2D
Philippines: death sentence for >500g cannabisJuly 2002
2002HTC-3 is directly modulated by the ECS
2002NMDA receptors are mobile
2002three-dimensional structure of pepsin
2003efferocytosis process first described
2003ferroptosis mechanism first identified
2003GPR-119 receptor first identified
2003key role of FoxO1 in insulin resistance, obesity
2003CB receptors predate chordate
2003obesity associated with cancer death rate
2003mitochondrial proteome catalogs expand rapidly
2004cannabis induces apoptosis in dendritic cells
2004TRPA1 chili, wasabi, and THC receptor identified
2005HU210 and AEA promote
adult hippocampal neurogenesis
2005astrogliosis "rather enigmatic"
2005GlyRs directly modulated by ECS
2005PPARs directly activated by ECS
2005real time microgliosis observed under
physiological conditions
2005THC reduces progression of atherosclerosis
2005T-helper-17 cells identified
2005CB1-knockout mice show early-onset
age-related cognitive decline
2006induced pluripotent stem cells
2006discovery of arachidonoyl L-serine
2006discovery of nesfatin-1
2005end of Iletin II
2006GPR-18 and GPR-119 activated by endocannabinoids
2006GPR-55 activated by ECS
2006molecular events/external stimuli controlling adipogenesis unknown
2006-7Yamanaka factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc
Mauritania enforces 1981 ban on slavery2007
2007crystal structure of β2 andrenergic receptor
200712,13-diHOME identified in mice
2007-12HMP characterisation of the gut microbiome
2007Human Microbiome Project established
2007myeloid-derived myeloid-derived suppressor cells
2007G*Power 3 software released
2008cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) identified as
a selective COX-2 inhibitor
2008beta-caryophyllene is a dietary cannabinoid
2008opposing actions of CBs and
ethanol on GABA release via PKA
2008term "lipokine" coined
2008MitoCarta: most complete
mitochondrial protein catalog
UK "reclassifies" cannabis, maximum for
possession now 5 yearsJan 2009
2009first 3D organoid from a single adult stem cell
2010
2010THC mobilises MDSCs
2011six major cannabinoids (THC, THCA, CBD, CBDA, CBG, CBGA) screened for COX-1/COX-2
inhibition, found weak and largely non-selective
20112-AG acts on GABAA
2011discovery of sesquicannabigerol (sesqui-CBG)
2011neuronal loss via GABAergic neurons in Cnr1-/- mice
2011action mode network
2011fecal transplants control impulsivity in mice
2011Seligman's PERMA wellbeing model
published in Flourish
Canada lifts ban on
shipping wine across provincial borders2012
2012CBD promotes SIRT1 mediated longevity
2012glymphatic system recognised
2012NIH publishes reference human microbiome
2012review of the endocannabinoid system in
normal and pathological brain ageing
2012"ferroptosis" term coined
2013amplicon sequence variants improve on OTUs
2013birth of "cannabis use disorder"
2013brain organoids first grown
2013first investigation of endocannabinoids in CSF
2013nine biological markers of aging
2013PTSD patients long on CBRs, short on ECs
2013live-cell mapping of mitochondrial matrix proteome
Slovenia: cannabis available on prescription2014
2014CBD found to be sebostatic
2014shoulder dystocia "enigmatic"
2014ferroptosis is centred on GPX4
2014CB1R links hunger and
increased smell perception in the brain
2014BCP produces anxiolytic and antidepressant-like
effects via CB2 without CB1 binding
2015toxicological threshold of
THC 114x > alcohol using MOE
2015fatty-acid-binding proteins are
intracellular carriers for CBD and THC
2015ECS involved in "runner's high"
2015first research linking psychedelics
and glycemic control
Leipzig, Germany: court grants first
patient right to grow (for MS)6 Apr 2016
2016leptin:ghrelin and acyl:desacyl ghrelin ratios in obesity
2016at least 113 phytogenic cannabinoids identified
2016-20LDL-C hypothesis is broken
Poland: medical cannabis legalised2017
2017hyposmia, parosmia and phantosmia defined
Slovenia cannabis moved from Group I to II8 Apr 2017
2017VEGF an antiangiogenic drug target in a dozen sites
2017Δ9-THC restores cognitive function in old mice
Canada: recreational cannabis legal17 Oct 2018
2018diabetes markers and the DMN
2018-23end of learned vocalization
evolutionary convergence hypothesis
2018term "ontological shock" appears
Canada deregulates cannabis retail, edibles17 Oct 2019
2019germ cell pattern of ECS expression,
CB2R presence in human spermatogonia
2020
Slovenia: foreigner plundered28 Sep 2020
2020cannabis at Tel Arad
Slovenia: Ptuj ODT discovers ECS29 Oct 2020
2020THC attenuates threat-related corticolimbic activity
UNODC realises weed isn't heroin2 Dec 2020
2020Yale: happiness a "positive side effect" of cannabis
LSD decriminalised in Oregon, psilocybin in DC2020
2020CBD sebostasis is via GPR-119
2020-presentrole of ECS and CaPs in Covid
2020CB2 agonism drives p62-mediated Nrf2
deactivation via autophagy
death penalty possible for cannabis in
USA/China/Malaysia/Singapore/Iran/Saudi Arabia/Egypt + "other Middle East,
African, and Asian countries"2021
2021CD68+ plaque area correlated with microbiome
Morocco legalises production for medical useMarch 2021
2021cryptochrome 4 is magnetically sensitive in robins
cannabis removed from SCND Sch. IV21 Apr 2021
2021doubts about deuterostome clade
New York State legalises adult cannabis March2021
2021400 known terpenes in cannabis
2021~19 more microbiome genes/unit of BMI reduced
Thailand: "medical" cannabis legal with neon signsMarch 2022
2022over 180 known phytocannabinoids
Missouri voters approve recreational marijuanaNov 2022
2022RM and MM laws hit pharma stock values
2022cortical CB1 binding declines in aged
rats despite preserved GTPγS coupling
2022human PET shows age-related CB1 decline in
pallidum, cerebellum and posterior cingulate
2022review of endocannabinoid system changes
across the lifespan
Missouri: recreational sales commenceFeb 2023
2023GIP lowers body weight and food intake via GABAergic GIPR neurons
Hong Kong criminalizes CBD: possession HK$1m+7
years and manufacture/import life imprisonment2023
2023Alzheimer's transferred from
human to rat via microbiota
Australia legalises therapeutic psychedelics1 Jul 2023
2023apoptotic factors are evolutionarily
conserved since mitochondrial domestication
Australia reschedules psilocybin and
MDMA for PTSD and depression1 Jul 2023
Morocco: 55,000 ha cultivated illegally in 2019
vs. 27,000 ha cultivated legally in 2023/42023
2023astrogliosis "rather enigmatic"
2023twelve biological markers of aging
2023direct effect of AEA in inflammation
resolution pathways in macrophages
2023GlyRs directly modulated by ECS
2023PPARs directly activated by ECS
2023direct effect of AEA in inflammation
resolution pathways in macrophages
2023THC stimulates glycolysis in only
unprimed embryonic stem cells
2023twelve biological markers of aging
Germany legalises home cannabis cultivation1 Apr 2024
by mid-2024Human Pangenome Project to
sequence 350 complete individuals
South Africa: legalisation lite28 May 2024
202419% less cognitive decline in lifetime cannabis users
Manitoba: homegrow ban repealed in Manitoba3 Jun 2024
2024arachidonic acid-derived diols impact
ASD symptom severity
Slovenia referendum:
medical cannabis 66.71% (462,292-230,724), recreational 51.57% (356,944-335,183)9 Jun 2024
Brazil: Supreme Court showdown with
the executive over decriminalisation25 Jun 2024
2024cannabis prevents oxidation of LDL via TRPV1, TRPV4 and GPR-55
2024beta-caryophyllene inhibits MAGL, raises 2-AG,
and relieves postsurgical hyperalgesia in rats
2024pro-cognitive and anti-aging effects of
THC are via mTOR
2024psychedelic use induces sympathovagal coactivation
2024Uganda: sick chimpanzees successfully self-medicate
2024Lesotho: first documented traditional use of
psilocybin in Africa
New York: bill to decriminalise all possession2025
2025"researchers discover" psychedelics users find
more meaning in life
Colombia: President calls for cannabis legalisation2025
2025antibiotic resistant microbes are everywhere
Colorado: first psilocybin business licencesFeb 2025
2025astrocytic CB1R dampens
stress-induced BBB alterations
Colorado: mass pardons for psilocybin/psilocin2025
202579 polyphenols in cannabis
Czechia: cannabis legalisation announced30 May 2025
New Zealand: first prescribed psilocybinJune 2025
2025CBD, CBG, and CBN block Nav1.8
Florida: bans fluoridating people1 Jul 2025
2025hemifusomes mediated by
42-nm proteolipid nanodroplet
Slovenia: medical cannabis can be
prescribed for any condition20 Aug 2025
2025HGP reference set reaches ~500 genomes mid-2025
Spain: hospital specialists can prescribe weedOct 2025
2025NAD-dependent amyloid and tau aging is reversible
USA: psychedelics bills in nearly 30 states2025
2025psilocybin (psilocin) extends cellular
lifespan and improves survival of aged mice
2025psychedelics upregulate glycolytic
metabolism via FOXP2
2025UK Biobank studies show lifetime cannabis use associated with higher cognitive performance and increased volumes of CB1R-rich brain
regions in humans
2025NAD+-dependent amyloid and tau aging is reversible
2025mapping of hematopoiesis
Czechia legalises recreational + cultivation1 Jan 2026
2026Southern Africa: Psilocybe ohraceocentrata
is the closest wild relative of P cubensis
Denmark: medical cannabis framework1 Jan 2026
2026massive effect of exogenous cannabinoids on MPO
Massachusetts legalises recreational cannabis1 Jan 2026
2026CBD neuronal repair after TBI is via
a SET/PP2A/Akt signaling axis
Slovenia: incoming Health Minister Tadej Ostrc declares alcohol is a kind of food for Slovenians26 May 2026
2026THC and chronic cannabis use normalise
cognitive timing deficits in bipolar disorder
2026beta-caryophyllene and cannabichromene synergistically kill TNBC cells
2026beta-caryophyllene has mixed
effects on LPS-stimulated bovine PBMC cytokines: raises TNF-alpha and IL-1, lowers IL-6 and IL-10
13 Jul 2026psychedelic destabilization-reorganization proposed as
general mechanism of psychiatric healing
psychedelic "interventions" and so on2026